水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水的污染物迁移降解试验研究

水解酸化．缺氧法对采油废水有较好的处理效果，采用GC／MS技术对水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水过程中污染物的迁移降解进行的研究表明：水解酸化段和缺氧段对采油废水中碳原子为C6-C9、分子量为100—140的有机物均有较好的降解能力。其中，在水解酸化段中酮类、芳烃得到较好的降解，缺氧段中酚类和醚类化合物降解明显。水解酸化-缺氧工艺对于采油废水中的甲苯和二甲苯具有较好的降解能力。     

基于蒙特卡洛模拟算法的环氧乙烷球罐多米诺效应风险分析

基于多米诺效应的故障概率模型,结合某化工公司环氧乙烷存储装置,借助ALOHA软件判定装置间的多米诺影响系数。在此基础上,分别应用分析算法和蒙特卡洛模拟算法对考虑到多米诺效应情况下一特定环氧乙烷球罐T_1的失效概率进行计算分析。结果表明,分析算法和蒙特卡洛算法的结果呈现出较好的一致性。并且随着时间的推移,2种方法的吻合度越来越高。本方法的提出有效地简化了考虑多米诺效应情况下多个装置失效概率的计算,所得结论为工厂对球罐间安全屏障的设计提供一定的借鉴作用。     

Thermochemical pretreatment of meat and bone meal and its effect on methane production

Since the solubilization of meat and bone meal (MBM) is a prerequisite in many MBM disposal approaches, enhancement of the solubilization by means of thermochemical pretreatment was investigated in this study at two temperatures (55°C and 131°C) and six sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 g/L). The MBM volatile solid (VS) reduction ratio was up to 66% and 70% at 55°C and 131°C, respectively. At the same temperature, the VS reduction ratio increased with the increase in the dosage of NaOH. The study on the methane (CH₄) production potential of pretreated MBM shows that the addition of NaOH at 55°C did not cause the inhibition of the succeeding CH₄ production process. However, CH₄ production was inhibited by the addition of NaOH at 131°C. The CH₄ production potential was in the range of 389 to 503 mL CH₄/g VS MBM and 464 to 555 mL CH₄/g VS MBM at 55°C and 131°C, respectively.     

大气环境质量现状评价模型存在的问题及改进——以沈阳大气指数模型为例

文章分析了几类大气环境质量现状评价模型各自存在的问题,针对这些问题,选择了较典型的沈阳大气指数模型,首先对原模型中参数进行修正,使其成为与当前执行的环境空气质量标准相对应的综合指数模型,其次,基于概率统计思想对模型进行改进,得到不同保证率下的大气环境质量现状评价模型,最后,运用SPSS软件进行实证分析,改进后模型得到的评价结果更能准确反映区域实际大气环境质量现状。     

Removal of humic acid from aqueous solution by cetylpyridinium bromide modified zeolite

Natural zeolite was modified by loading cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) to create more e cient sites for humic acid (HA) adsorption. The natural and CPB modified zeolites were characterized with X-ray di raction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The e ects of various experimental parameters such as contact time, initial HA concentration, solution pH and coexistent Ca2+, upon HA adsorption onto CPB modified zeolites were evaluated. The results showed that natural zeolite had negligible a nity for HA in aqueous solutions, but CPB modified zeolites exhibited high adsorption e ciency for HA. A higher CPB loading on natural zeolites exhibited a larger HA adsorption capacity. Acidic pH and coexistent Ca2+ were proved to be favorable for HA adsorption onto CPB modified zeolite. The kinetic process was well described by pseudo second-order model. The experimental isotherm data fitted well to Langmuir and Sips models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of CPB modified zeolite with surfactant bilayer coverage was found to be 92.0 mg/g.     

污泥水磷和有机物同步混凝去除的多目标优化技术研究

通过引入多响应值的归一化评分法进行了污泥水磷和有机物同步混凝去除的多目标优化,并利用响应面(RSM)技术考察了Al/P比、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量和悬浮固体(SS)浓度对污染物去除的单独效应和联合效应.结果表明,复合投加聚合氯化铝和PAM能同步去除污泥水中磷和有机物,并改善沉降效果.归一化后单目标RSM优化显示,对污泥水中磷和有机物同步去除的贡献为Al/P比SS浓度PAM投加量.在最优条件Al/P比为3、PAM浓度为1.22 mg·L~(-1)、SS浓度为3.58 g·~(L-1)的条件下,正磷和总有机碳去除率分别为93.1%和53.9%.与多响应变量优化相比,引入归一化评分法有效解决了变量间数值量级差异的问题,使结果的分析计算变得简单方便.     

基于信息扩散理论的天然气发电风险预警技术研究

随着我国天然气发电比例的不断增加,天然气发电的安全问题逐渐引起人们的关注。为定量分析天然气发电的风险预警等级,针对风险评估过程中的小样本问题,引入信息扩散理论确定风险事故发生的概率,并结合故障类型及影响、危险度分析方法,建立了天然气发电风险预警的定量计算数学模型。以某天然气电厂燃气轮机系统为研究对象,将该厂燃气轮机2007—2014年所发生事故的统计数据作为观测样本,利用构建的风险预警数学模型并结合Matlab软件,计算得到该天然气电厂燃气轮机事故的发生概率以及不同事故模式下事故后果的严重度,最终确定该电厂燃气轮机系统的风险预警等级为Ⅲ级。与传统的安全预警方法相比,该风险预警技术更加客观有效。     

Adsorption of humic acid from aqueous solution on bilayer hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-modified zeolite

Surfactant-modified natural zeolites (SMNZ) with different coverage types were prepared by loading hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) onto the surface of a natural zeolite. The adsorption behavior of humic acid (HA) on SMNZ was investigated. Results indicate that the adsorbent SMNZ exhibited a higher affinity toward HA than the natural zeolite. HA removal efficiency by SMNZ increased with HTAB loading. Coexisting Ca²⁺ in solution favored HA adsorption onto SMNZ. Adsorption capacity decreased with an increasing solution pH. For typical SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage, HA adsorption process is well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data fitted well with the Langmuir model. Calculated maximum HA adsorption capacities for SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage at pH 5.5 and 7.5 were 63 and 41 mg·g⁻¹, respectively. E2/E3 (absorbance at 250 nm to that at 365 nm) and E4/E6 (absorbance at 465 nm to that at 665 nm) ratios of the residual HA in solution were lower than that of the original HA solution. This indicates that the HA fractions with high polar functional groups, low molecular weight (MW), and aromaticity had a stronger tendency for adsorption onto SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage. Results show that HTAB-modified natural zeolite is a promising adsorbent for removal of HA from aqueous solution.     

SBR亚硝化快速启动过程中影响因子研究

在低DO条件下对SBR反应器实现快速亚硝化的途径及影响因素进行研究.控制反应器主要参数为：DO 0.15～0.40mg/L,pH值7.52～8.30,温度22.3～27.1℃,曝气时间为8 h.通过高、低氨氮浓度（245.28 mg/L与58.08 mg/L）交替进水的方式,经过57个周期（36 d）的稳定运行成功实现...     

Evaluation of the technoeconomic feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production for decentralized water treatment

• Gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is a suitable setup for practical water treatment. • Electrochemical H₂O₂ production is an economically competitive technology. • High current efficiency of H₂O₂ production was obtained with GDE at 5–400 mA/cm². • GDE maintained high stability for H₂O₂ production for ~1000 h. • Electro-generation of H₂O₂ enhances ibuprofen removal in an E-peroxone process. This study evaluated the feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for decentralized water treatment. Carbon black-polytetrafluoroethylene GDEs were prepared and tested in a continuous flow electrochemical cell for H₂O₂ production from oxygen reduction. Results showed that because of the effective oxygen transfer in GDEs, the electrode maintained high apparent current efficiencies (ACEs,>80%) for H₂O₂ production over a wide current density range of 5–400 mA/cm², and H₂O₂ production rates as high as ~202 mg/h/cm² could be obtained. Long-term stability test showed that the GDE maintained high ACEs (>85%) and low energy consumption (<10 kWh/kg H₂O₂) for H₂O₂ production for 42 d (~1000 h). However, the ACEs then decreased to ~70% in the following 4 days because water flooding of GDE pores considerably impeded oxygen transport at the late stage of the trial. Based on an electrode lifetime of 46 days, the overall cost for H₂O₂ production was estimated to be ~0.88 $/kg H₂O₂, including an electricity cost of 0.61 $/kg and an electrode capital cost of 0.27 $/kg. With a 9 cm² GDE and 40 mA/cm² current density, ~2–4 mg/L of H₂O₂ could be produced on site for the electro-peroxone treatment of a 1.2 m³/d groundwater flow, which considerably enhanced ibuprofen abatement compared with ozonation alone (~43%–59% vs. 7%). These findings suggest that electrochemical H₂O₂ production with GDEs holds great promise for the development of compact treatment technologies for decentralized water treatment at a household and community level.